Workshop Discussion - Ideas from the class See more on Griffith's Experiment, morton mandel and akiko higa (1970).Transformation occurs when one bacterium picks up free-floating DNA, and incorporates it into its own genome. In 1928, scientists didn't know yet that DNA carried genetic information, but they knew that there was something that could cause bacteria to transform from one type to another. Transforming Bacteria - Frederick Griffith - "transforming principle" - The transforming principle was an early name for DNA.These plasmids serve as important tools in genetics and biotechnology labs, where they are commonly used to clone and amplify (make many copies of) or express particular genes Artificially constructed plasmids may be used as vectors in genetic engineering.2.3 Singapore - approval process for GMO / synbio.Refer to The Universal Features of Cells on Earth.All cells function as biochemical factories dealing with the same basic molecular building blocks.It is a tool used to kill RNA molecules that is similar to it. They cut everything and destroy similar things to itself. Almost all double strands (rare) are bad or virus or alien things that will kill cells. RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. RNA also have a large role in the functioning of the cell.A gene is a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize. What is a gene? The fragment of generic information corresponding to one protein is one gene.Exercise: make a list of letters - GCTA.These arbitrary features, it is thought, reflect frozen accidents in the early history of life chance properties of the earliest organisms that were passed on by heredity and have become so deeplyĮmbedded in the constitution of all living cells that they cannot be changed The rules of this translation seem in some respects neat and rational, in other respects strangely arbitrary, given that they are (with minor exceptions) identical in all living things. The translation of genetic information from the 4-letter alphabet of polynucleotides into the 20-letter alphabet of proteins is a complex process. All cells translate RNA into protein in the same way.RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.All cells transcribe portions of their hereditary information into the same intermediary form (RNA).All cells stores their hereditary info in the same linear chemical code (DNA).eukaryote: a eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes.prokaryote: a prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus (karyon), mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.The cell is the minimal self-reproducing unit. All living organisms reproduce themselves by transmitting genetic information to their progeny.
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